Situated+Theories

=Situated Theories =  Wikipedia Definition
 * Situated cognition** posits that knowing is inseparable from doing ([|John Seely Brown], Collins, & Duguid, 1989; Greeno, 1989) by arguing that all knowledge is situated in activity bound to social, cultural and physical contexts (Greeno & Moore, 1993). [|]]Under this assumption, which requires an [|epistemological] shift from empiricism, situativity theorists suggest a model of knowledge and learning that requires thinking on the fly rather than the storage and retrieval of conceptual knowledge. In essence, cognition cannot be separated from the context. Instead knowing exists, //in situ//, inseparable from context, activity, people, culture, and language. Therefore, learning is seen in terms of an individual's increasingly effective performance across situations rather than in terms of an accumulation of knowledge, since what is known is co-determined by the agent and the context. This perspective reject [|mind-body dualism] and person-environment dualism.

- social interaction is part of learning - learning is usually unintentional rather than deliberate, and happens through collaboration - needs to be in an authentic context || Lave & Wenger Brown, Collins and Duguid ||  || - Seen particularly in technology education (problem-solving skills) - could also be used in eLearning Ideally, situated learning is going on all the time, if our classrooms or learning portals are authentic. Classes which are united in a common task – for example planning a major field trip or tackling a local issue – will experience situated learning. []
 * < **Theory ** ||< **Defining Characteristics ** ||< **Key Theorists ** ||< **Related Pedagogies ** ||< **Situation or context for application ** ||
 * Situated Learning || - Learning occurs as a function of an activity and the context in which it happens

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[] || (Bransford and the CTGV) ||  Situated - Students use story based ‘anchors’ to explore complex realistic problems - Students work together to construct knowledge using the anchor materials (often interactive video discs) in meaningful contexts ||  Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt  ||  Situated Learning (Lave)  ||  Example from the TIP link used video series //The Young Sherlock Holmes// to understand nature of life in Victorian England, by examining causal connections, characters’ motivations and authenticity of the settings. Anchored instruction could be very powerful in a secondary classroom setting where a strong cinematic anchor, say //V for Vendetta//, could be used to explore issues of morality and ethics, power, politics and social control. || - " Social learning theory explains human behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, an environmental influences." [ []] - if a behaviour results in an outcome that is valued, then that individual is more likely to adopt that behaviour. || A. Bandura || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Vygotsky - Social Development (cognitivist) Lave - Situated Learning || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- Seen in behaviour modelling and modification - Often shown in TV advertising (eg. favourite actor: "I use this shampoo...")
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Anchored Instruction
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Social Learning Theory || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">- observing and modelling the behaviours, attitudes and actions of others (learning from observation)

http://fates.cns.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/bandura.htm

http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/bandura.html ||

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